Articles

1. Exosomes Derived from Stem Cells

Source: Stem cells (particularly mesenchymal stem cells, MSC)
Effects: Exosomes derived from stem cells (EdSCs)  are primarily collected from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood. These exosomes promote tissue regeneration and repair, especially in the healing of chronic wounds such as diabetic ulcers. They are also known for their anti-inflammatory effects​. EdSCs are used to treat other diseases, such as microbial disease, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, neurological diseases, cancer, and COVID-19.

1）Lv H, Liu H, Sun T, Wang H, Zhang X, Xu W. Exosome derived from stem cell: A promising therapeutics for wound healing. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Aug 8;13:957771. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.957771. PMID: 36003496; PMCID: PMC9395204.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.957771/full

2）Yuan YG, Wang JL, Zhang YX, Li L, Reza AMMT, Gurunathan S. Biogenesis, Composition and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Various Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine. 2023 Jun 14;18:3177-3210. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S407029. PMID: 37337578; PMCID: PMC10276992.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10276992/

2. Exosomes from Cancer Cells

Source: Tumor cells (such as breast cancer and other cancer cells)
Effects and Challenges: Cancer cell-derived exosomes promote tumor growth and metastasis. They are under investigation as therapeutic targets due to their involvement in drug resistance and immune evasion. By altering the tumor microenvironment, these exosomes contribute to therapy resistance. Additionally, their components—including proteins, DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and circular RNA—play key roles in tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis.These molecules are also being explored as potential prognostic markers and grading tools for cancer patients.

3）Stefańska K, Józkowiak M, Angelova Volponi A, Shibli JA, Golkar-Narenji A, Antosik P, Bukowska D, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Mozdziak P, Dzięgiel P, Podhorska-Okołów M, Zabel M, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Kempisty B. The Role of Exosomes in Human Carcinogenesis and Cancer Therapy-Recent Findings from Molecular and Clinical Research. Cells. 2023 Jan 18;12(3):356. doi: 10.3390/cells12030356. PMID: 36766698; PMCID: PMC9913699.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9913699/

4）Dai J, Su Y, Zhong S, Cong L, Liu B, Yang J, Tao Y, He Z, Chen C, Jiang Y. Exosomes: key players in cancer and potential therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020 Aug 5;5(1):145. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00261-0. PMID: 32759948; PMCID: PMC7406508.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-00261-0

3. Exosomes from Immune Cells

Source: Macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells, and other immune cells
Effects: Exosomes secreted by immune cells play a critical role in modulating immune responses. When combined with immunotherapy, they show promise in treating cancer and autoimmune diseases. These exosomes regulate inflammatory responses and control immune cell activity​.

5）Gangadaran P, Madhyastha H, Madhyastha R, Rajendran RL, Nakajima Y, Watanabe N, Velikkakath AKG, Hong CM, Gopi RV, Muthukalianan GK, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A, Jeyaraman M, Ahn BC. The emerging role of exosomes in innate immunity, diagnosis and therapy. Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 16;13:1085057. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085057. PMID: 36726968; PMCID: PMC9885214.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885214/

6）Zhao Y, Liu T, Zhou M. Immune-Cell-Derived Exosomes for Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm. 2022 Sep 5;19(9):3042-3056. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00407. Epub 2022 Jul 25. PMID: 35876318.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00407

4. Exosomes from Fibroblasts

Source: Fibroblasts (skin and connective tissue cells)
Effects: Fibroblast-derived exosomes help in the repair of skin and connective tissues. In cosmetic medicine, they are used to reduce wrinkles, enhance skin rejuvenation, promote collagen production, and provide antioxidant effects​.

7）Han X, Wu P, Li L, Sahal HM, Ji C, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang Q, Qian H, Shi H, Xu W. Exosomes derived from autologous dermal fibroblasts promote diabetic cutaneous wound healing through the Akt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Cycle. 2021 Mar-Mar;20(5-6):616-629. doi: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1894813. Epub 2021 Mar 8. PMID: 33685347; PMCID: PMC8018430.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8018430/

8）Park AY, Lee JO, Jang Y, Kim YJ, Lee JM, Kim SY, Kim BJ, Yoo KH. Exosomes derived from human dermal fibroblasts protect against UVB‑induced skin photoaging. Int J Mol Med. 2023 Dec;52(6):120. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5323. Epub 2023 Oct 27. PMID: 37888610; PMCID: PMC10635689.

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijmm.2023.5323

9）Mehta RC, Kadoya K, Maitra P, et al. Fibroblast-derived growth factors and exosomes as cosmeceuticals. Dermatol Rev. 2023; 4: 250-259. doi:10.1002/der2.215

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/der2.215

5. Exosomes from Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs)

Source: Dental pulp stem cells
Effects: Exosomes derived from dental pulp stem cells  (DPSCs) are collected from the dental pulp, the soft tissue inside teeth. These exosomes are effective in promoting bone and tooth regeneration. They hold potential for treating periodontal disease, dental injuries, and even nerve regeneration. Additionally, they have been shown to promote the repair of periodontal tissue, enhance bone regeneration, and provide anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, making them relevant not only in dental treatments but also in regenerative medicine​.

10）Zhou Z, Zheng J, Lin D, Xu R, Chen Y, Hu X. Exosomes derived from dental pulp stem cells accelerate cutaneous wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis via the Cdc42/p38 MAPK pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2022 Dec;50(6):143. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5199. Epub 2022 Nov 2. PMID: 36321793; PMCID: PMC9662140.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9662140/

11）Luo X, Feng W, Huang S, et al. Odontoblasts release exosomes to regulate the odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14:176. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03401-9. PMID: 37337578; PMCID: PMC10276992.

https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-023-03401-9

https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-023-03401-9